Method of endosteal nailing

ABSTRACT

The system includes an elongate intramedullary nail which is rigidly fixed under compression to the endosteal surface of a bone with unicortical locking machine screws inserted through the bone and into a plurality of longitudinally displaced threaded holes in the nail. A jig is provided for drilling holes through the bone in alignment with the screw holes in the nail. The nail and jig each include anti-rotation structure at which the nail and jig can be coupled together in a fixed alignment. A method is also provided for implanting an intramedullary nail on two sides of a bone fracture, and clamping the bone with sufficient force to immobolize the fracture by forcing the implant against an endosteal surface of the bone and applying a compressive force against the outer surface of the bone.

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/762,695, filed Jan. 22, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/315,787, filed Dec. 10, 2002, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,706,046, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates broadly to surgery. Particularly, this invention relates to orthopedic devices for fracture fixation. More particularly, this invention relates to intramedullary devices for fixation of diaphyseal fractures.

2. State of the Art

Severe long bone fractures are often treated with plating. In plating, a relatively large incision is made at the location of the fracture, musculature and tendons are displaced from the bone to expose the bone surface, and a bone plate is fixedly attached to one or more pieces of the fractured bone in a manner which, ideally, supports and stabilizes the fracture for healing. Due to the relatively invasive nature of the procedure required to implant the plate, plating is generally reserved for fractures which cannot be treated with a less invasive method of immobilization.

Less complicated fractures are often treated with casting or wires. However, such conservative treatment may not provide the stabilization and support necessary for desirable recovery. Yet, the operative procedure of plating is often too invasive for the relative non-severity of the fracture. Moreover, conventional plating can result in tendon irritation and skin necrosis, and may require extensive periosteal stripping in order to apply the plate on the bone surface.

In addition, there is no relatively minimally invasive procedure to treat fractures occurring along a diaphysis of a long bone that also provides the desired reduction and immobilization for such fractures. Furthermore, there is no relatively minimally invasive procedure to treat such fractures that provides the stability generally obtained by more invasive procedures, such as open reduction and internal fixation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a relatively minimally invasive treatment which provides stabilization and support to long bone fractures.

It is another object of the invention to provide a relatively minimally invasive treatment which provides stabilization and support to diaphyseal fractures.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a implant which is fixedly held within the medullary canal of a long bone.

In accord with these objects, which will be discussed in detail below, an intramedullary nail system is provided. The system includes an elongate nail, bone screws, and a jig system. The nail is designed to be rigidly fixed under compression to the endosteal surface of a bone with unicortical locking machine screws inserted through the bone and a plurality of longitudinally displaced threaded holes in the nail. The screw holes are preferably oriented normal to an endosteal surface of the nail. The screws each include a relatively large head to seat against the outer surface of the bone. As the screws are tightened the nail is forced against the endosteal surface of the bone to effect clamping of the bone between the screw head and the nail. The jig is provided for drilling holes through the bone in alignment with the screw holes in the nail. According to one aspect of the invention, the nail and jig each includes anti-rotation structure by which the nail and jig can be coupled together in a fixed alignment. In a preferred embodiment, such anti-rotation structure on the nail includes a non-circular recess in an endosteal surface of the nail. The recess may be provided at the longitudinal center of the nail, or one or more recesses may be aligned with respective screw holes. The jig has a first portion which extends through the bone and engages within the non-circular recess to lock the jig and the nail in alignment, and a second portion sized to extend over the screw holes of the nail and receive a drill guide to guide a drill to drill holes into bone into alignment with the screw holes therebelow.

In accord with one method of the invention, the nail is introduced into the medullary canal on one side of the fracture, and the nail is then repositioned so that the nail is centered relative to the fracture site and extends substantially equally on each side of the fracture. A hole is drilled through bone and a first screw hole of the nail. The jig is attached at one of the screw holes so that it will not rotate relative to the nail. A drill guide is inserted through respective alignment holes in the jig and holes are drilled through the bone in alignment with screw holes in the nail. The cortical locking screws are then inserted through the drilled holes to clamp the bone between the screw heads and the nail. The jig is removed, and a screw is inserted at the prior location of the jig.

According to another embodiment, the nail includes a central threaded screw hole and non-circular recess at the endosteal surface of the nail in alignment with the central screw hole. A notch is created at the fracture site. The nail is inserted into the medullary canal and the jig is attached to the central screw hole, with the notch defining a space in the bone for the first portion of the jig. The jig is then used to drill holes in the bone in alignment with the screw holes. The screws are then inserted through the bone and nail and tightened to cause the bone to be clamped between the head of the screws and the nail, and the jig is removed from the nail.

The result of the nail and methodology is that a smaller incision can be made, and the operation is relatively minimally invasive with only minor stripping of the periosteal tissue. Furthermore, the nail is easy to insert, being self-guiding into alignment within the medullary canal. The resulting fixation is very stable due to the clamping of the fractured bone between the large screw heads and the nail. Moreover, the large screw heads distribute the stress on the bone over a relatively large surface area on the outer surface of the cortical bone.

Additional objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reference to the detailed description taken in conjunction with the provided figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a top or endosteal surface view of an intramedullary nail according to the invention;

FIG. 2 is a longitudinal section illustrating a method of implanting the nail of FIG. 1 in a fractured bone;

FIG. 3 is a longitudinal section showing the nail of FIG. 1 implanted in a fractured bone;

FIG. 4 is a side elevation view of a unicortical machine screw for use in the orthopedic nail system of the invention;

FIG. 5 is a longitudinal section view of the unicortical machine screw of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a top or endosteal surface view of another embodiment of an intramedullary nail according to the invention;

FIG. 7 is a longitudinal section illustrating a method of implanting the nail of FIG. 6 in a fractured bone;

FIG. 8 is a longitudinal section showing the nail of FIG. 6 implanted in a fractured bone;

FIG. 9 is a partial section view of a third embodiment of the nail shown with a jig attached at a first location; and

FIG. 10 is a partial section view of the nail of FIG. 10 shown with the jig attached at a second location.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Turning now to FIGS. 1 through 3, an endosteal nail system according to the invention is shown. The nail 10 of the system includes a plurality of longitudinally displaced screw holes 12 threaded with machine threads. The screw holes are preferably oriented normal to an endosteal surface 14 of the nail. The nail 10 is designed to be rigidly fixed under compression to the endosteal surface 16 of a bone 18 with unicortical locking machine screws 20, discussed below, inserted through the bone 18 and threaded screw holes 12. Over at least one, but preferably two screw holes, a non-circular recess 22 is provided. Such screw holes 12 a, 12 b provided with the non-circular recess 22 are referred to as ‘jig holes’, and preferably where two are provided, they are equidistant from the longitudinal center 19 of the nail. The non-circular recess 22 at the jig hole 12 a, 12 b is square in shape, but may be triangular, hexagonal, star, oval, etc. The ends 23 of the nail 10 are preferably tapered. The nail 10 preferably has a circular cross-section, but may be have a square, flattened, oval or other cross-sectional shape, or be varied in cross-sectional shape along its length. The nail is preferably titanium alloy or stainless steel in construction.

Referring to FIG. 3, a plurality of locking screws 20 are provided for insertion into the screw holes 12. The screws 20 each include a shaft 24 provided with machine threads to threadably engage the screw holes 12 in the nail and a relatively large head 26 to seat against the outer surface 27 of the bone 18 to effect clamping of the bone between the screw head 26 and the nail 10, as described further below.

More particularly, referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, the screws 20 are preferably unicortical in design. That is, the shaft 24 of each screw 20 is selected in length (for the particular bone being treated) to extend through a near cortex of the bone and to thread into the screw holes 12 of the nail 10, but preferably not to extend beyond the far cortex of the bone. The shaft 24 includes a tip portion 70, a body portion 72, and clearance portion 74. The body portion 72 includes threads 76 adapted to engage in the screw holes 12. In the clearance portion 74, the shaft is relatively smooth, but has a shallow thread channel 78 extending therein which is continuous with and the same pitch as threads 76. The thread channel 78 is sized to accommodate the threads in screw holes 12. The tip portion 70 is preferably also relatively smooth, but slightly smaller in diameter than the clearance portion 74; e.g., a 0.098 inch diameter at the clearance portion 74 versus a 0.095 inch diameter at the tip portion 70. In addition, the tip portion 70 preferably also has a shallow thread channel 80 extending therein which is continuous with and the same pitch as threads 76. The tip portion 70 preferably also has a relatively blunt end 82, as the screw is not intended to tap into bone. In addition, the head 26 of each screw 20 has a substantially flat (planar) undersurface 84 adapted to contact bone and distribute load and stress, and a driver receiving slot 86. In order to distribute load and stress when the bone is under compression, as described hereinafter, the undersurface 84 defines a surface area which is preferably at least 1.5 times larger than an area defined by a cross-section through the shaft 24. Most preferably, the undersurface 84 surface area is approximately {square root}{square root over (3)} times larger than an area defined by a cross-section through the shaft 24, but may be even larger to distribute the force over a larger surface area. This preferred ratio provides a suitably large surface area of the head 26 for compression relative to a desirable size of the shaft 24 for stable threaded engagement in the holes 12 in the nail 10.

A jig 30 is provided for drilling holes through the bone 18 in alignment with the screw holes 12 in the nail 10 for insertion of the unicortical screws 20. The jig 30 has a first portion 32 which extends through the bone 18 and includes an end which corresponds in shape and size to engage within said non-circular recess 22. A thumb screw 34 is inserted through the jig 30 into the first portion 32 to lock the jig 30 and nail 10 together at the recess 22 such that the jig and nail cannot rotate relative to each other. The jig 30 includes a second portion 36 which extends over the screw holes 12 of the nail 10 and includes openings 38 that can receive a drill guide 40 to guide a drill 42 to drill holes into the bone 18 into alignment with the screw holes 12 therebelow.

Referring back to FIGS. 2 and 3, in accord with a first method of the invention, the nail 10 is introduced into a medullary canal 44 through a bone fracture 46. For some bones, for example the clavicle, an awl or drill may need to be used to open up the medullary canal prior to nail introduction. The nail 10 is introduced into the medullary canal 44 on one side of the fracture 46, and then repositioned so that the longitudinal center 19 of the nail is at or adjacent the fracture site 46.

A relatively large first hole 50 is drilled freehand through the bone 18, and the drilled hole 50 and a jig hole 12 a are aligned. The jig 30 is positioned relative to the jig hole 12 a so that the first portion 32 of the jig is engaged within the recess 22 of the jig hole 12 a. The jig 30 is then attached with the thumb screw 34 so that it is locked to the nail 10 and will not rotate relative to the nail, thus maintaining openings 38 in alignment over the screw holes 12 of the nail 10 in the medullary canal during the entirety of the procedure. A drill guide 40 is then inserted through respective alignment holes 38 in the jig 30, and holes are drilled with a drill 42 through the bone 18 in alignment with the screw holes 12 in the nail.

The unicortical locking screws 20 are then inserted through the drilled holes to clamp the bone 18 between the screw heads 26 and the nail 10. The jig 30 is removed. A screw 20 is then inserted into jig hole 12 a at the prior location of the jig 30. As the screw holes 12 are all oriented normal to the endosteal surface 16 of the nail 10, all the screws 20 are in a preferably parallel linear arrangement which provides maximum clamping force between the nail and screw heads for stability of the fractured bone.

When drilling the holes as described above, it is preferable that holes be drilled in the bone on one side of the fracture, and screws 20 inserted therein into the nail, the fracture then reduced with the bone under compression, and then holes drilled on the other side of the fracture with screws then inserted therein into respective holes in the nail. This order of steps operates to aid in proper healing of the fracture.

Referring now to FIGS. 6 through 8, another embodiment of the endosteal nail is shown, substantially similar to the embodiment previously described. In distinction from the prior embodiment, a jig hole 112 a and non-circular recess 122 are provided at the longitudinal center 119 of the nail.

Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, in use, a notch 150 is created at the fracture site 146, e.g., with a rongeur. The nail 110 is inserted into the medullary canal 144 and the jig 130 is attached to the central jig hole 112 a with a thumb screw 134, with the notch 150 defining a space in the bone 118 for the first portion 132 of the jig. The jig 134 is then used with a drill guide 140 and drill 142 to drill holes in the bone in alignment with the screw holes 112. The unicortical machine-threaded screws 120 are then inserted through the bone 118 and into the nail 110 and tightened to cause the bone to be clamped between the head 126 of the screws and the nail. The jig 130 is then removed from the nail.

Turning now to FIG. 9 a third embodiment of the nail 210 is shown. The nail 210, generally as described above, includes a plurality of screw holes 212 each of which includes a non-circular recess 222 aligned thereover. Also shown is jig 230 which includes first portion 232 which engages within a recess 222, and second portion 236 which extends parallel to the nail 210. Second portion 236 includes a first and second parts 290, 292 which extend over which the screw holes on each side of the longitudinal center 219 of the nail when the jig is attached to a center screw hole 212 a. However, the second part 292 is longer than the first part and includes at least one additional opening 238 a, for a guide, which extends beyond the screw holes over the respective side when the jig is attached at the center screw hole 212 a.

In use, the nail 210 is introduced into the on one side of the fracture, and then repositioned so that the longitudinal center 219 of the nail 210 is at or adjacent the fracture site. The first portion 232 of the jig 230 is placed through the fractured and coupled to preferably the center screw hole 212 a of the nail via a thumb screw 234 so that it is locked and will not rotate relative to the nail, thus maintaining openings 238 in alignment over the screw holes 212 of the first part 290 of the jig 230. Then holes are drilled through openings 238 in the first part 292 in alignment with corresponding screw holes 212 on a first side of the fracture. All but one of the drilled holes under the first part 290 is preferably provided with a screw 220. Referring to FIG. 10, the jig 230 is then disengaged from the center screw hole 212 a and attached again to the nail 210 through the drilled hole which does not yet include a screw. The fracture 246 is then reduced and compression is applied. While maintaining compression and using openings 238 on the second part 294 of the jig 230, holes are drilled through bone 218 in alignment with the screw holes on the second side of the fracture. Screws are then placed into the drilled holes and maintain the fracture in a reduced and compressed arrangement. The jig 230 is then removed and a final screw is placed in the hole where the jig was previously attached.

As an alternative to using jig 230 and repositioning its location during the procedure, two separate jigs can be used. For example, initially jig 130 may be used at the central screw location 212 a. After fracture reduction, jig 30 (or a similar jig of longer length and more openings for drill guides) can be used in a longitudinally offset location.

In all embodiments, it may be possible to attach the jig to the nail prior to insertion of the nail into the bone to facilitate manipulating the bone. In addition, the jig may include alignment structure of a sufficient length such that no separate drill guide is required. Further, it is preferable that the second portion of the jig include at least one side which is adapted to extend over and include openings for all the screw holes on one side of a fracture, and that the other side preferably include openings for at least one screw hole. Such will provide desirable functionality.

The result of the nail, jig system and methodology is that a smaller incision can be made, and the operation is relatively minimally invasive with only minor stripping of the periosteal tissue. Furthermore, the nail is easy to insert, being self-guiding into alignment within the medullary canal. Once implanted, substantially the entire system is intramedullary except for the heads and portions of the shafts of the screws. The resulting fixation is very stable due to the clamping of the fractured bone between the large screw heads and the nail. Moreover, the large screw heads distribute the stress on the bone over a relatively large surface area on the outer surface of the cortical bone.

The nail is suitable for any long bone fracture, particularly the clavicle, radius, and fibula, but may be adapted in size for larger bones such as the femur and tibia. In addition, for curved long bones, e.g., the radius, the nail can be curved.

There have been described and illustrated herein several embodiments of an endosteal nail and a method of stabilizing a fracture with the nail. While particular embodiments of the invention have been described, it is not intended that the invention be limited thereto, as it is intended that the invention be as broad in scope as the art will allow and that the specification be read likewise. Thus, while particular materials and shapes for the nail have been disclosed, it will be appreciated that other suitable materials and shapes may be used as well. In addition, in each embodiment, jig holes may be provided both at the center and offset from the center of the nail, and may be provided over each screw hole. It will therefore be appreciated by those skilled in the art that yet other modifications could be made to the provided invention without deviating from its spirit and scope as claimed. 

1. A method of implanting an intramedullary nail into a fractured bone, the fracture separating the bone into first and second bone portions, said method comprising: a) inserting an implant into a medullary canal of a bone such that it extends intramedullary on two sides of a bone fracture; and b) clamping the bone with sufficient force to immobolize the fracture by forcing the implant against an endosteal surface of the bone and applying a force against the outer surface of the bone.
 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein: said applying a force against the outer surface of the bone includes inserting machine screws from outside the bone into threaded holes in the implant on the two sides of the fracture, the machine screws having relatively large heads with an undersurface, and tightening the screws such that the undersurfaces apply a force against the outer surface of the bone.
 3. A method according to claim 2, wherein: said undersurface is substantially flat.
 4. A method according to claim 3, wherein: said machine screws have a shaft and an area is defined by a cross-section through said shaft, wherein the ratio of said surface area of said undersurface of said head to said area of said cross-section through said shaft is at least 1.5.
 5. A method according to claim 4, wherein: the ratio of said surface area of said undersurface of said head to said area of cross-section through said shaft is approximately {square root}{square root over (3)}.
 6. A method according to claim 4, wherein: the ratio of said surface area of said undersurface of said head to said area of cross-section through said shaft is at least approximately {square root}{square root over (3)}.
 7. A method of implanting an intramedullary nail into a fractured bone, the fracture demarcating the bone into first and second bone portions, said method comprising: a) introducing at least half the length of the nail into the medullary canal of the first portion of the bone, the nail having a plurality of threaded screw holes; b) reducing the fractured bone, wherein once the fracture is reduced the entirety of the nail is within the medullary canal; c) coupling a jig to a first location on the nail; d) using the jig to drill holes through the bone in alignment with some of the threaded screw holes; e) providing screws having a shaft with machine threads and a head; f) introducing the shafts of the screws through the holes drilled in the bone and into the screw holes and rotating the screws to cause clamping of the bone between the heads of the screws and the nail; g) decoupling the jig from the nail; h) coupling the jig at a second location on the nail longitudinal displaced from the first location; i) using the jig to drill holes through the bone in alignment with the remainder of the threaded screw holes; j) decoupling the jig from the nail; and k) introducing the shaft of the screws through the holes drilled in the bone and into the remainder of the screw holes.
 8. A method according to claim 7, further comprising: after said reducing the fracture, moving the implant within the medullary canal such that relatively equal lengths of the implant are located on each side of the fracture.
 9. A method according to claim 7, further comprising: prior to said introducing, coupling the jig to the nail, and manipulating the nail relative to the bone with the jig.
 10. A method according to claim 9, further comprising: prior to said reducing the fracture, coupling the jig to the nail, and manipulating the nail relative to the bone with the jig.
 11. A method of implanting an intramedullary nail into a fractured bone, the fracture separating the bone into first and second bone portions, said method comprising: a) introducing at least a portion of the nail into the medullary canal of the first portion of the bone, the nail having a plurality of threaded screw holes; b) reducing the fractured bone; c) coupling a jig at a longitudinally central location on the nail; d) using the jig to drill holes through the bone in alignment with the threaded screw holes; e) providing screws having a shaft with machine threads and a head; f) introducing the shaft of the screws through the holes drilled in the bone and into the screw holes and rotating the screws to cause clamping of the bone between the heads of the screws and the nail; and g) decoupling the jig from the nail.
 12. A method according to claim 11, further comprising: after said reducing the fracture, moving the implant within the medullary canal such that relatively equal lengths of the implant are located on each side of the fracture.
 13. A method according to claim 11, further comprising: prior to said introducing, coupling the jig to the nail, and manipulating the nail relative to the bone with the jig.
 14. A method according to claim 11, further comprising: prior to said reducing the fracture, coupling the jig to the nail, and manipulating the nail relative to the bone with the jig.
 15. A method of implanting an intramedullary nail into a fractured bone, the fracture demarcating the bone into first and second bone portions, said method comprising: a) introducing the nail into the medullary canal of the bone, the nail having a plurality of threaded screw holes located under the first and second bone portions; b) coupling a jig to a first location on the nail; c) using the jig to drill holes through the first bone portion in alignment with at least one of the threaded screw holes; d) providing screws having a shaft with machine threads and a head; e) introducing the shafts of the screws through the holes drilled in the bone and into the screw holes and rotating the screws to cause clamping of the bone between the heads of the screws and the nail; f) decoupling the jig from the nail; g) coupling a jig at a second location on the nail longitudinal displaced from the first location; h) reducing the fractured bone, wherein once the fracture is reduced substantially the entirety of the nail is within the medullary canal; i) using the jig to drill holes through the second bone portion in alignment with threaded screw holes thereunder; and j) introducing the shaft of the screws through the holes drilled in the second bone portion and into the screw holes thereunder.
 16. A method according to claim 15, wherein: the same jig is used for steps b) and g).
 17. A method according to claim 15, wherein: said coupling a jig to a first location on the nail includes coupling a jig to a longitudinal center of the nail.
 18. A method according to claim 15, wherein: said coupling a jig to a first location on the nail includes coupling a jig between the first and second bone locations.
 19. A method according to claim 15, wherein: said using the jig to drill holes through the second bone portion is performed while the reduced fracture is held in compression. 